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The term ḥanīf comes from the Arabic root ḥ-n-f meaning "to incline, to decline" [4] or "to turn or bend sideways" [5] from the Syriac root of the different meaning “to deceive, to turn pagan, to lead into paganism”. The Syriac word refers to pagans and deceivers.
Farzana Hassan sees these views as an extension of long-standing Christian claims that Muhammad was an impostor and deceiver, and has stated: "Literature circulated by the Christian Coalition perpetuates the popular Christian belief about Islam being a pagan religion, borrowing aspects of Judeo-Christian monotheism by elevating the moon god ...
Paganism has broadly connoted the "religion of the peasantry". [1] [5] During and after the Middle Ages, the term paganism was applied to any non-Christian religion, and the term presumed a belief in "false gods". [6] [7] The origin of the application of the term "pagan" to polytheism is debated. [8]
Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several pagan beliefs integrated into Islam. [2] [a] Islam places jinn and humans on the same plane in relation to God, both being subject to God's judgement and an afterlife. [4] The Quran condemns the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of worshipping or seeking protection from them. [5]
Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. [10] [31] According to Marshall Hodgson, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. [32]
Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (2002, 2006) notes that in the marsh areas of Southern Iraq, there was a continuous tradition of Mandaean religion, and that another pagan, or Sabian, centre in the tenth-century Islamic world centred on Harran. [59] These pagan Sabians are mentioned in the Nabataean corpus of Ibn Wahshiyya. [60]
Jinn—supernatural creatures in Islam who may be good or evil but who are mentioned frequently in magical works throughout the Islamic world (often mentioned together with devils, i.e. shayāṭīn, and held responsible for misfortune, possession and diseases), to be summoned and bound to a sorcerer. Rūḥanīyah—spiritual beings; [18]
In Islam, Hubal has been used as a symbol of modern forms of "idol worship". According to Adnan A. Musallam, this can be traced to one of the founders of radical Islamism, Sayyid Qutb , who used the label to attack secular rulers such as Nasser , seen as creating "idols" based on un-Islamic Western and Marxist ideologies.