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Knowledge of cultural productions is important for understanding gender construction. Some aspects of individual gender identity, perhaps particularly masculinity, are also products of organizational processes and pressures. An important feminist project is to make large-scale organizations more democratic and more supportive of humane goals.
Women were rarely seen in senior leadership positions leading to a lack of data on how they behave in such positions. [1] However, current research has found a change in trend and women have become more prevalent in the workforce over the past two decades, especially in management and leadership positions.
Firms may prefer decentralization because it ensures efficiency by making sure that managers closest to the local information make decisions and in a more timely fashion; that their taking responsibility frees upper management for long term strategics rather than day-to-day decision-making; that managers have hands on training to prepare them ...
Decentralized decision-making, Malone says, tends to create less rigidity and flatter hierarchies in organizations. When upper management delegates decision-making responsibilities, there also exist wider spans of control among managers, creating a more lateral flow of information.
Participative management (PM) is known by many names including shared leadership, employee empowerment, employee involvement, participative decision-making, dispersed leadership, open-book management, or industrial democracy". [4]
Community-based management (CBM) is a bottom up approach of organization which can be facilitated by an upper government or NGO structure but it aims for local stakeholder participation in the planning, research, development, management and policy making for a community as a whole.
A management style is the particular way managers go about accomplishing these objectives. It encompasses the way they make decisions, how they plan and organize work, and how they exercise authority. [2] Management styles varies by company, level of management, and even from person to person.
Women use different strategies to participate in politics, like in Egypt and Iran women use the taunt, Iranian, Palestinian, and Sudanese women are in important emotional roles to help create solidarity. [54] The women may pass along information to men, they could also persuade their men to join a faction and act as decoys. [54]