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Choline is a quaternary ammonium cation.The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. [2] Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine residue having three methyl groups attached to the same nitrogen atom.
[4] [5] Side effects when used as drugs may include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, loose stools, vivid dreams at night, dehydration, rash, bradycardia, peptic ulcer disease, seizures, weight loss, rhinorrhea, salivation, muscle cramps, and fasciculations. [6] [7] ChEIs are indirect-acting parasympathomimetic drugs. [8]
The name Belladonna, meaning beautiful ladies, was derived from women using berry juice from the plant cosmetically to dilate their pupils. [ 4 ] The mydriatic effect was studied by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1795-1867), in which the active ingredient, atropine , was first discovered by Vaquelin in 1809 and was first isolated ...
The average participant age was 48, with nearly equal numbers of men and women. Most were non-Hispanic white, had low physical activity levels, and over 76% had abdominal obesity.
Serious side effects may include urinary retention and an increased risk of heat stroke. [6] Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied while use in breastfeeding is of unclear safety. [7] It is an antimuscarinic and works by blocking the effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. [6]
In general, the word "choline" describes the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Found in most animal tissues, choline is a primary component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and functions with inositol as a basic constituent of lecithin. Choline also prevents fat deposits in the liver ...
Effects of anticholinergic drugs include: Delirium (often with hallucinations and delusions indistinguishable from reality); Ocular symptoms (from eye drops): mydriasis, pupil dilation, and acute angle-closure glaucoma in those with shallow anterior chamber [11] [12] [13]
The name "belladonna", Italian for "beautiful lady", is thought to derive from one of the antimuscarinic effects of these alkaloids: they were used by women for cosmetic purposes, to promote dilation of the pupils. [2] Muscarinic antagonist effects and muscarinic agonist effects counterbalance each other for homeostasis.