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Choline occurs in foods as a free cation and in the form of phospholipids, especially as phosphatidylcholines. Choline is highest in organ meats and egg yolks though it is found to a lesser degree in non-organ meats, grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. [3] Cooking oils and other food fats have about 5 mg/100 g of total choline. [5]
Choline intake of around 244 milligrams daily for women and 367 milligrams daily for men appeared to offer heart health benefits. These amounts are lower than the National Institutes of Health‘s ...
In general, the word "choline" describes the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Found in most animal tissues, choline is a primary component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and functions with inositol as a basic constituent of lecithin. Choline also prevents fat deposits in the liver ...
Choline chloride is mass-produced with world production estimated at 160 000 tons in 1999. [3] Industrially, it is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide, hydrogen chloride, and trimethylamine, [4] or from the pre-formed salt: [5] Choline chloride can also be made by treating trimethylamine with 2-chloroethanol. [6]
Choline bitartrate is a choline salt of tartaric acid. Choline bitartrate contains quaternary ammonium cations ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium [(CH 3) 3 NCH 2 CH 2 OH] +) and bitartrate anions (HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO −). Quaternary ammonium cation is a cation in which all four hydrogen atoms of ammonium are replaced with organyl ...
As a result of cholinergic crisis, the muscles stop responding to the high synaptic levels of acetylcholine, leading to flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure, and other signs and symptoms reminiscent of organophosphate poisoning.
Butyrylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol BCHE; EC 3.1.1.8), also known as BChE, BuChE, BuChase, pseudocholinesterase, or plasma (cholin)esterase, [5] is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses many different choline-based esters. In humans, it is made in the liver, found mainly in blood plasma, and encoded by the BCHE gene. [6]
In 1900, Reid Hunt, a pharmacologist (1870-1948), realised a fall in blood pressure in rabbits after removing adrenaline (epinephrine) from adrenal glands extract. While he initially attributed this effect to choline, he later discovered acetylcholine was 100 000 times more potent in lowering blood pressure.
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