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These include sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum oxide, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, sodium aluminate, with flocculant aids polyaluminum chloride, polyferric chloride. [17] A variety of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic polymers are also used, typically with a molecular weight below 500,000. [17]
Aluminium sulfate may be used as a deodorant, an astringent, or as a styptic for superficial shaving wounds. [citation needed] Aluminium sulfate is used as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles. It is a common vaccine adjuvant and works "by facilitating the slow release of antigen from the vaccine depot formed at the site of inoculation."
For example, a flocculant may be used in swimming pool or drinking water filtration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause the water to be turbid (cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone. Many flocculants are multivalent cations such as aluminium, iron, calcium or magnesium. [1]
Coagulation-flocculation process in a water treatment system. In water treatment, coagulation and flocculation involve the addition of compounds that promote the clumping of fine floc into larger floc so that they can be more easily separated from the water. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas ...
They are effective at lower dosages compared to inorganic flocculants. Inorganic Flocculants: Aluminum Sulfate (Alum), Ferric Chloride, Ferric Sulfate, Polyaluminum chloride; Extreme caution should be observed when using cationic flocculants like chitosan or positively charged polyacrylamide or polyDADMAC which cause hypoxia in fish.
Adsorption of oppositely charged species (e.g., protons, specifically adsorbing ions, surfactants, or polyelectrolytes) may destabilize a particle suspension by charge neutralization or stabilize it by buildup of charge, leading to a fast aggregation near the charge neutralization point, and slow aggregation away from it.
Flocculant Chemical formula Charge Molecular mass Application Aluminum sulfate (alum) Al 2 (SO 4) 3: Ionic: 342.15: Water treatment Ferrous sulfate: FeSO 4: Ionic: 151.91: Water treatment Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVP) (C 6 H 9 NO) n: Nonionic: 2500-2.5 million: Wine and beer clarification Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (C 6 H 9 NO 3 Na 3 ...
One method of eutrophication remediation is the application of aluminum sulfate, a salt commonly used in the coagulation process of drinking water treatment. Aluminum sulfate, or "alum" as it is commonly referred, has been found to be an effective lake management tool by reducing the phosphorus load. [2] Sediment core sampled from a Minnesota lake.