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Photographic fixer is a mixture of chemicals used in the final step in the photographic processing of film or paper. The fixer stabilises the image, removing the unexposed silver halide remaining on the photographic film or photographic paper , leaving behind the reduced metallic silver that forms the image.
Typically three trays are used containing either developer, stop bath, or fixer, in that order. The print must then be rinsed in water to removed the fixer. Stop bath is an acidic solution used for processing black-and-white photographic films , plates , and paper .
A common fixer is hypo, specifically ammonium thiosulfate. [4] Washing in clean water removes any remaining fixer. Residual fixer can corrode the silver image, leading to discolouration, staining and fading. [5] The washing time can be reduced and the fixer more completely removed if a hypo clearing agent is used after the fixer.
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Rinses off the bleach and extends the life of the fixer bath. This wash step is recommended for rotary tube, sink line and other low volume processing. [5] 8 Fixer bath Bath 6 4: 92–103 °F (33.3–39.4 °C) This is a process-to-completion step. [5] 9 Second fixer stage (optional) Using fresh fixer.
Ammonium thiosulfate is used in photographic fixer. It is a so-called rapid fixer, acting more quickly than sodium thiosulfate fixers. [3] Fixation involves these chemical reactions (illustrated for silver bromide): [4] AgBr + 2 [NH 4] 2 S 2 O 3 → [NH 4] 3 [Ag(S 2 O 3) 2] + [NH 4]Br AgBr + 3 [NH 4] 2 S 2 O 3 → [NH 4] 5 [Ag(S 2 O 3) 3] + [NH ...
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