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2. Pain ladder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_ladder

   "Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain , it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain .

3. Equianalgesic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equianalgesic

   An equianalgesic chart can be a useful tool, but the user must take care to correct for all relevant variables such as route of administration, cross tolerance, half-life and the bioavailability of a drug. [5] For example, the narcotic levorphanol is 4–8 times stronger than morphine, but also has a much longer half-life. Simply switching the ...

4. American Board of Pain Medicine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Pain...

   The following is a list of goals: [2] Evaluate candidates who voluntarily appear for examination, and certify or recertify as "Diplomates in Pain Medicine" those who are qualified; Maintain and improve the quality of graduate medical education in the field of pain medicine by collaborating with related organizations

5. Pulmonary drug delivery - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_drug_delivery

   Pulmonary drug delivery is mainly utilized for topical applications in the lungs, such as the use of inhaled beta-agonists, corticosteroids and anticholinergic agents for the treatment of asthma and COPD, the use of inhaled mucolytics and antibiotics for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CT) and respiratory viral infections, [1] and the use of inhaled prostacyclin analogs for the treatment of ...

6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive...

   Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...

7. Obstructive lung disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease

   Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction.Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself.