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Laser lithotripsy (LL) has been evaluated against Extracorporeal Shock Wave lithotripsy (ESWL), finding both to be safe and effective. [3][4] ESWL may be safer for small stones (<10 mm), but less effective for 10–20 mm stones. [3] A 2013 meta-analysis found LL can treat larger stones (> 2 cm) with good stone-free and complication rates.
Pyelogram (or pyelography or urography) is a form of imaging of the renal pelvis and ureter. [1] Types include: Intravenous pyelogram – In which a contrast solution is introduced through a vein into the circulatory system. Retrograde pyelogram – Any pyelogram in which contrast medium is introduced from the lower urinary tract and flows ...
Lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refer to a group of clinical symptoms involving the bladder, urinary sphincter, urethra and, in men, the prostate. The term is more commonly applied to men [1] – over 40% of older men are affected [2][3][4][5] – but lower urinary tract symptoms also affect women. [6]
Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder ...
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. [ 3 ] Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. [ 2 ] Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. [ 2 ] Complications may include pus around the kidney, sepsis, or kidney failure.
Urinary tract obstruction is a urologic disease consisting of a decrease in the free passage of urine through one or both ureters and/or the urethra. It is a cause of urinary retention. Complete obstruction of the urinary tract requires prompt treatment for renal preservation. [32]
0.5% of people [ 1 ][ 5 ] Interstitial cystitis (IC), a type of bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is chronic pain in the bladder and pelvic floor of unknown cause. [ 1 ] It is the urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome of women. [ 2 ] Symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, and pain with sex. [ 1 ]
Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the physician focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract.