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Functional finance is an economic theory proposed by Abba P. Lerner, based on effective demand principles and chartalism. [1] It states that government should finance itself to meet explicit goals, such as taming the business cycle, achieving full employment , ensuring growth , and low inflation .
Public finance refers to the monetary resources available to governments and also to the study of finance within government and role of the government in the economy. [1] Within academic settings, public finance is a widely studied subject in many branches of political science , political economy and public economics .
The National Loans Fund is the government's main borrowing and lending account. it is closely linked to the consolidated fund, which is balanced daily by means of a transfer to, or from, the national loans fund. The Exchange Equalisation Account is the government fund holding the UK's reserves of foreign currencies, gold, and special drawing ...
In modern public-finance literature, a whole economy of the tax system has developed (tax system economics), which can be defined as "the overall management of public revenue of a state or integration grouping's public revenues and expenditures in order to shape smart economic policies that stimulates economic growth and development and ...
Fiscal policy can be distinguished from monetary policy, in that fiscal policy deals with taxation and government spending and is often administered by a government department; while monetary policy deals with the money supply, interest rates and is often administered by a country's central bank. Both fiscal and monetary policies influence a ...
An important example of such a system is the use of PAYGO in both the statutes of the U.S. Government and the rules in the U.S. Congress. First enacted as part of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (which was incorporated as Title XIII of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ), PAYGO required all increases in direct spending or revenue ...
Speculation, in the narrow sense of financial speculation, involves the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as ...
The ability-to-pay principle is one of the reasons for the general acceptance of the progressive income tax system. The principle of user pays supports the idea of horizontal equity, which states that those in similar wealth and income positions should be treated equally by the tax system. The basic idea is that those who do not use a service ...