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For example, a positive valence would shift the emotion up the top vector and a negative valence would shift the emotion down the bottom vector. [11] In this model, high arousal states are differentiated by their valence, whereas low arousal states are more neutral and are represented near the meeting point of the vectors.
The PAD emotional state model is a psychological model developed by Albert Mehrabian and James A. Russell (1974 and after) to describe and measure emotional states.PAD uses three numerical dimensions, Pleasure, Arousal and Dominance to represent all emotions.
A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. [1] Concept maps may be used by instructional designers , engineers , technical writers , and others to organize and structure knowledge .
Air, for example, is a physiological need; a human being requires air more urgently than higher-level needs, such as a sense of social belonging. Physiological needs are critical to "meet the very basic essentials of life". [13] This allows for cravings such as hunger and thirst to be satisfied and not disrupt the regulation of the body.
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli.According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought.
Item comparison, for example the bars in a bar chart; Time-series comparison, for example the bars in a histogram or the curve of a line chart; Frequency distribution comparison, for example the distribution in a histogram or line chart; Correlation comparison, for example in a specific dot diagram; Comparison diagrams can be used in research ...
Loevinger describes the ego as a process, rather than a thing; [6] it is the frame of reference (or lens) one uses to construct and interpret one's world. [6] This contains impulse control and character development with interpersonal relations and cognitive preoccupations, including self-concept. [7]
Saul Rosenzweig started the conversation on common factors in an article published in 1936 that discussed some psychotherapies of his time. [5] John Dollard and Neal E. Miller's 1950 book Personality and Psychotherapy emphasized that the psychological principles and social conditions of learning are the most important common factors. [6]