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The symptoms of poisoning vary depending on substance, the quantity a dog has consumed, the breed and size of the mammal.A common list of symptoms are digestion problems, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or blood in stool; bruising and bleeding gums, nose, or inside the ear canal; behavioral changes, such as lethargy, hyperactivity, and seizures; unusual items found in the dog's stool.
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]
Toxicity occurs through overdosage with an appropriate product or use of an agricultural product. Signs for both include hypersalivation, vomiting, lethargy, tremors, difficulty walking, weakness, and death. [174] Chocolate is a common cause of poisoning in dogs. The toxic principles in chocolate are theobromine and caffeine.
Before 1933, heparin was available in small amounts, was extremely expensive and toxic, and, as a consequence, of no medical value. [21] Heparin production experienced a break in the 1990s. Until then, heparin was mainly obtained from cattle tissue, which was a by-product of the meat industry, especially in North America.
Protamine sulfate is a medication that is used to reverse the effects of heparin. [3] It is specifically used in heparin overdose, in low molecular weight heparin overdose, and to reverse the effects of heparin during delivery and heart surgery. [3] [4] It is given by injection into a vein. [3] The onset of effects is typically within five ...
Although a small preliminary study [54] indicated xylitol may be safe for dogs, other studies show significant toxicity. [55] There have been cases of foods, candies and gums containing xylitol causing toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs. [56] [57] [58] Ingestion may cause hypoglycemia. [38]
Discontinuation of heparin is critical in a case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Beyond that, however, clinicians generally treat to avoid thrombosis. [32] Treatment may include a direct thrombin inhibitor, such as lepirudin or argatroban. Other "blood thinners" sometimes used in this setting include bivalirudin and fondaparinux.
A study of 66 dogs with Cushing's found 91% of dogs to have either polyuria or polydipsia, 79% to have polyphagia, and 77% to have alopecia. [ 4 ] Signs of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion that accompany the rapidly progressing physical changes are high plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormones and cortisol alongside hypokalaemia .