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The serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is probably a better discriminant than older measures (transudate versus exudate) for the causes of ascites. [12] A high gradient (> 1.1 g/dL) indicates the ascites is due to portal hypertension. A low gradient (< 1.1 g/dL) indicates ascites of non-portal hypertensive as a cause. [13]
Another, more serious differential diagnosis, is spontaneous bacterial empyema, carrying a high death rate even with treatment. However, the fluid has a much higher neutrophil concentration than in hepatic hydrothorax. Spontaneous bacterial empyema can occur even without ascites. Additionally, there may be other symptoms of infection, such as ...
The management of ascites needs to be gradual to avoid sudden changes in systemic volume status, which can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy, kidney failure, and death. The management includes salt restriction in diet, diuretics to urinate excess salt and water ( furosemide , spironolactone ), paracentesis to manually remove the ascitic fluid ...
Hydrothorax is the synonym of pleural effusion in which fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity.This condition is most likely to develop secondary to congestive heart failure, following an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the lungs.
The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy depends on the suspected underlying cause (types A, B, or C) and the presence or absence of underlying causes. If encephalopathy develops in acute liver failure (type A), even in a mild form (grade 1–2), it indicates that a liver transplant may be required, and transfer to a specialist centre is advised ...
Heart disease and cancer are still the leading causes of death For more than 100 years, heart disease has been the number one No. 1 cause of death in the U.S, and the pandemic has done nothing to ...
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease were the tenth leading cause of death for men and the twelfth for women in the United States in 2001, killing about 27,000 people each year. [ 157 ] The cause of cirrhosis can vary; alcohol and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are main causes in western and industrialized countries, whereas viral hepatitis ...
Despite being the nation’s biggest killer for 100 years, a new survey finds many adults don’t know that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Heart disease is the leading ...