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Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: N = a 2 − b 2 . {\displaystyle N=a^{2}-b^{2}.} That difference is algebraically factorable as ( a + b ) ( a − b ) {\displaystyle (a+b)(a-b)} ; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper ...
Using fast algorithms for modular exponentiation and multiprecision multiplication, the running time of this algorithm is O(k log 2 n log log n) = Õ(k log 2 n), where k is the number of times we test a random a, and n is the value we want to test for primality; see Miller–Rabin primality test for details.
In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number a p − a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic , this is expressed as a p ≡ a ( mod p ) . {\displaystyle a^{p}\equiv a{\pmod {p}}.}
For example, if s=2, then 𝜁(s ... the solution to Fermat’s Last Theorem. Sir Andrew Wiles solved it using Elliptic Curves. ... Knot theorists’ holy grail problem was an algorithm to ...
As a contrasting example, if n is the product of the primes 13729, 1372933, and 18848997161, where 13729 × 1372933 = 18848997157, Fermat's factorization method will begin with ⌈ √ n ⌉ = 18848997159 which immediately yields b = √ a 2 − n = √ 4 = 2 and hence the factors a − b = 18848997157 and a + b = 18848997161.
Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares is strongly related with the theory of Gaussian primes. A Gaussian integer is a complex number a + i b {\displaystyle a+ib} such that a and b are integers. The norm N ( a + i b ) = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle N(a+ib)=a^{2}+b^{2}} of a Gaussian integer is an integer equal to the square of the absolute value ...
The smallest example is n = 561 = 3·11·17, for which a 560 is 1 (modulo 561) for all a coprime to 561. Nevertheless, the Fermat test is often used if a rapid screening of numbers is needed, for instance in the key generation phase of the RSA public key cryptographic algorithm.
Fermat added that he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin. Although other statements claimed by Fermat without proof were subsequently proven by others and credited as theorems of Fermat (for example, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares), Fermat's Last Theorem resisted proof, leading to doubt that Fermat ever had a correct proof.