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  2. Grammar–translation method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar–translation_method

    The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Ancient Greek and Latin. In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language.

  3. Bilingual method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_method

    The method is listed in Eppert’s Lexikon (1973: 171) under the headword Konversation, where its eight teaching steps are described [2] "The eight steps lead from imitation to free conversation," i.e. unlike the grammar-translation method, but like the direct method and the audio-lingual method it focuses on the development of oral skills. [3]

  4. Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Gottfried_Ollendorff

    The present modes of teaching the dead languages are sadly defective. It is high time that a rational, uniform method should be adopted. The French-Latin Ollendorff was, as far as can be ascertained, the first [citation needed] textbook written in modern times aimed at teaching Latin as a spoken language, using "modern" methods. Manesca's ...

  5. Language pedagogy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_pedagogy

    In the late 1800s and most of the 1900s, [3] language teaching was usually conceived in terms of method. In seeking to improve teaching practices, teachers and researchers would typically try to find out which method was the most effective. [4] However, method is an ambiguous concept in language teaching and has been used in many different ways ...

  6. Language education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education

    These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of Berlitz and De Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar.

  7. Meridian arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_arc

    Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included Borda, Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Condorcet – decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator (the quadrant of the Earth's circumference), measured along the ...

  8. Glossary of language education terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_language...

    Grammar translation method A method of language teaching characterized by translation and the study of grammar rules. Involves presentation of grammatical rules, vocabulary lists, and translation. Emphasizes knowledge and use of language rules rather than communicative competence. This method of language teaching was popular in the 20th century ...

  9. Mother tongue mirroring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tongue_mirroring

    Mirroring is amply used in commercial phrasebooks and computer courses and is a common device in scientific grammars of remote languages, but has been ignored by modern coursebook authors, along with other bilingual techniques such as the sandwich technique, presumably because of the mother tongue taboo, still prevailing in mainstream language ...