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In the Marxist theory of historical materialism, a mode of production (German: Produktionsweise, "the way of producing") is a specific combination of the: . Productive forces: these include human labour power and means of production (tools, machinery, factory buildings, infrastructure, technical knowledge, raw materials, plants, animals, exploitable land).
In the kin-ordered mode of production, social labour is mobilized through kin relations (such as lineages), although his description makes its exact relations with tributary and capitalist modes unclear. The kin mode was further theorized by French structuralist Marxists in terms of 'articulated modes of production.'
Together, these compose the mode of production and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of modes of production. Marx differentiated between base and superstructure , where the base (or substructure) is the economic system and superstructure is the cultural and political system. [ 251 ]
The relations of production define the mode of production, e.g. the capitalist mode of production is characterized by the polarization of society into capitalists and workers. The superstructure —the cultural and institutional features of a society, its ideological materials—is ultimately an expression of the mode of production on which the ...
Political economy in anthropology is the ... cultural materialism "is based on the simple premise that human social life is a response to the practical problems of ...
In 1963, Godelier initiated the first program on economic anthropology in France at College de France. In this program he focused on refining the Marxist ideas of base and superstructure and modes of production. [1] From 1966 to 1969, Godelier conducted his first major anthropological field study on the Baruya in Papua New Guinea.
Biblical scholars have also argued that the mode of production seen in early Hebrew society was a communitarian domestic one that was akin to primitive communism. [80] [81] Claude Meillassoux has commented on how the mode of production seen in many primitive societies is a communistic domestic one. [82]
Uneven and combined development, unequal and combined development, or uneven development is a concept in Marxian political economy [1] intended to describe dynamics of human history involving the interaction of capitalist laws of motion and starting world market conditions whose national units are highly heterogeneous.