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Post hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin: 'after this, therefore because of this') is an informal fallacy which one commits when one reasons, "Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X." It is a fallacy in which an event is presumed to have been caused by a closely preceding event merely on the grounds of temporal succession.
The phrase " correlation does not imply causation " refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or variables solely on the basis of an observed association or correlation between them. [ 1 ][ 2 ] The idea that "correlation implies causation" is an example of a questionable-cause logical ...
But such an approach is conservative if dependence is actually positive. To give an extreme example, under perfect positive dependence, there is effectively only one test and thus, the FWER is uninflated. Accounting for the dependence structure of the p-values (or of the individual test statistics) produces more powerful procedures. This can be ...
The term ex-ante (sometimes written ex ante or exante) is a New Latin phrase meaning "before the event". [1] In economics, ex-ante or notional demand refers to the desire for goods and services that is not backed by the ability to pay for those goods and services. This is also termed as ' wants of people'. Ex-ante is used most commonly in the ...
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used method for factor extraction, which is the first phase of EFA. [ 4 ] Factor weights are computed to extract the maximum possible variance, with successive factoring continuing until there is no further meaningful variance left. [ 4 ] The factor model must then be rotated for analysis. [ 4 ]
Multiple comparisons problem. An example of coincidence produced by data dredging (uncorrected multiple comparisons) showing a correlation between the number of letters in a spelling bee's winning word and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spiders. Given a large enough pool of variables for the same time period, it is ...
Data dredging. A humorous example of a result produced by data dredging, showing a correlation between the number of letters in Scripps National Spelling Bee 's winning word and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spiders. Data dredging (also known as data snooping or p-hacking) [ 1 ][ a ] is the misuse of data analysis ...
Post hoc analysis. In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen. [1][2] They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is significant. [3]