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Square root. Notation for the (principal) square root of x. For example, √ 25 = 5, since 25 = 5 ⋅ 5, or 52 (5 squared). In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that ; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ) is x. [1] For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 ...
A histogramis a visual representation of the distributionof quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" (or "bucket")the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non ...
A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...
Using words, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance of X. The standard deviation of a probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution. Not all random variables have a standard deviation.
Data transformation (statistics) A scatterplot in which the areas of the sovereign states and dependent territories in the world are plotted on the vertical axis against their populations on the horizontal axis. The upper plot uses raw data. In the lower plot, both the area and population data have been transformed using the logarithm function.
Analogously, the inverses of tetration are often called the super-root, and the super-logarithm (In fact, all hyperoperations greater than or equal to 3 have analogous inverses); e.g., in the function =, the two inverses are the cube super-root of y and the super-logarithm base y of x.
Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions, [ 4 ] and are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric ratios. Inverse trigonometric functions are widely used in engineering, navigation, physics, and geometry.
Reduced chi-squared statistic. In statistics, the reduced chi-square statistic is used extensively in goodness of fit testing. It is also known as mean squared weighted deviation (MSWD) in isotopic dating [1] and variance of unit weight in the context of weighted least squares. [2][3] Its square root is called regression standard error, [4 ...