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The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954. [13]The convention establishing CERN [14] was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. [15] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 ...
History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 October 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...
PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, not the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of ...
Other reference works (for example dictionaries, encyclopaedias) also developed a precursor to hypertext: the setting of certain words in small capital letters, indicating that an entry existed for that term within the same reference work. Sometimes the term would be preceded by an index, ☞like this, or an arrow, like this.
A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). [ 1 ][ 2 ] Definitions can be classified into two large categories: intensional definitions (which try to give the sense of a term), and extensional definitions (which try to list the objects that a term describes). [ 3 ]
The sum over r covers other degrees of freedom specific for the field, such as polarization or spin; it usually comes out as a sum from 1 to 2 or from 1 to 3. E p is the relativistic energy for a momentum p quantum of the field, = m 2 c 4 + c 2 p 2 {\textstyle ={\sqrt {m^{2}c^{4}+c^{2}\mathbf {p} ^{2}}}} when the rest mass is m .