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In immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine. [ 1 ] The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word adiuvare, meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination ...
AS04. Adjuvant System 04 or AS04 is a trade name for a combination of adjuvants used in various vaccine products by GlaxoSmithKline, [ 1 ] in particular the Fendrix [ 2 ] hepatitis B vaccine and Cervarix [ 3 ] human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. It consists of aluminium hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL).
Aluminium phosphate is a chemical compound. In nature it occurs as the mineral berlinite. [3] Many synthetic forms of aluminium phosphate are known. They have framework structures similar to zeolites and some are used as catalysts, ion-exchangers or molecular sieves. [4] Commercial aluminium phosphate gel is available.
Aluminium hydroxide, Al (OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO (OH), and aluminium oxide or ...
Adjuvant use generally is accompanied by undesirable side effects of varying severity and duration. Research on new adjuvants focuses on substances which have minimal toxicity while retaining maximum immunostimulation. Investigators should always be aware of potential pain and distress associated with adjuvant use in laboratory animals.
Anthrax vaccine adsorbed contains aluminium hydroxide (alhydrogel) to adsorb PA as well as to serve as an adjuvant (immune enhancer). [ 7 ] As such it is believed to stimulate humoral, but not cell-mediated, immunity. [ 12 ] Each dose of the vaccine contains no more than 0.83 mg aluminum per 0.5 mL dose.
Aluminum compounds are used as immunologic adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of many vaccines. [106] The aluminum in vaccines simulates or causes small amounts of tissue damage, driving the body to respond more powerfully to what it sees as a serious infection and promoting the development of a lasting immune response.
The inflammasome was discovered by the team of Jürg Tschopp, at the University of Lausanne, in 2002. [17] [18] In 2002, it was first reported by Martinon et al. [17] that NLRP1 (NLR family PYD-containing 1) could assemble and oligomerize into a structure in vitro, which activated the caspase-1 cascade, thereby leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18.
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