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The ballooning instability (a.k.a. ballooning mode instability) is a type of internal pressure-driven plasma instability usually seen in tokamak fusion power reactors [1] or in space plasmas. [2] It is important in fusion research as it determines a set of criteria for the maximum achievable plasma beta. [3]
Lawson criterion of important magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The Lawson criterion is a figure of merit used in nuclear fusion research. It compares the rate of energy being generated by fusion reactions within the fusion fuel to the rate of energy losses to the environment.
The N-1 roots that are zero for = are called "slow modes", since can be comparable to or less than the thermal speed of one or more of the ion species. A case of interest to nuclear fusion is an equimolar mixture of deuterium and tritium ions ( f D = f T = 1 / 2 {\displaystyle f_{D}=f_{T}=1/2} ).
Those electrostatic converters are not suitable for higher energy product ions above 1 MeV generated by other fusion fuels like the D-3 He or the p-11 B aneutronic fusion reactions. A much shorter device than the Traveling-Wave Direct Energy Converter has been proposed in 1997 and patented by Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. as an Inverse Cyclotron ...
When the cycle is run to equilibrium, the ratio of the carbon-12/carbon-13 nuclei is driven to 3.5, and nitrogen-14 becomes the most numerous nucleus, regardless of initial composition. During a star's evolution, convective mixing episodes moves material, within which the CNO cycle has operated, from the star's interior to the surface, altering ...
For fusion to occur the ions must be at a temperature of at least 4 keV (kiloelectronvolts), or about 45 million kelvins. The second easiest reaction is fusing deuterium with itself. Because this gas is cheaper, it is the fuel commonly used by amateurs. The ease of doing a fusion reaction is measured by its cross section. [27]
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Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei, nuclei/neutron by-products. The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy.