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Cultivation theory was founded by George Gerbner.It was developed to seek out the influence that television media may have on the viewers. Most of the formative research underlying cultivation theory was conducted by Gerbner along with his University of Pennsylvania colleague Larry Gross and their students-turned-colleagues Michael Morgan and Nancy Signorielli. [4]
Cultivation theory asserts that "the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television." [ 8 ] In 1968, Gerbner conducted a survey to validate cultivation theory and his hypothesis that watching extensive TV affects the attitudes and beliefs of ...
Not all media effects are instantaneous or short-term. Gerbner (1969) created cultivation theory arguing that the media cultivates a "collective consciousness about elements of existence." [52] If audiences are exposed to repetitive themes and storylines, over time, they may expect these themes and storylines to be mirrored in real life. [7]
Cultivation theory argues that media can shape our perceptions of reality by presenting a consistent and repetitive message over time. [5] It suggests that heavy exposure to media, particularly television, can lead to a "cultivation" of a particular set of beliefs. Cultivation theory was proposed by George Gerbner in the 1960s. [6]
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. [1] The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as "nonverbal expectancy violations theory", based on Burgoon's research studying proxemics.
For Georg Simmel, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field is analyzed as the ways of thinking and describing, acting, and the material objects that together shape a group of people's way of life. [1]
The hypodermic needle model (known as the hypodermic-syringe model, transmission-belt model, or magic bullet theory) is claimed to have been a model of communication in which media consumers were "uniformly controlled by their biologically based 'instincts' and that they react more or less uniformly to whatever 'stimuli' came along".
Behavior analysis in child development takes a mechanistic, contextual, and pragmatic approach. [6] [7] From its inception, the behavioral model has focused on prediction and control of the developmental process. [8] [9] The model focuses on the analysis of a behavior and then synthesizes the action to support the original behavior. [10]