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The first scientific expedition to Svalbard was the Russian Čičagov Expedition between 1764 and 1766, which passed Svalbard in an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northern Sea Route. It made among water and topography measurements. [29] The second expedition was organized by the Royal Navy and led by Constantine Phipps in 1773.
The Norwegian state took possession of all ... The landforms of Svalbard were created through repeated ... A portion of a 1599 map of Arctic exploration by ...
The Swedes have settled Svalbard since the turn of the 20th century. The Swedes played a significant role in the early exploration, mining, and scientific study of Svalbard . Swedish interest in the archipelago began with Arctic expeditions led by geologists and explorers such as Otto Martin Torell and Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld .
The islands were generally referred to in the United States as "Spitsbergen" from that time, [15] although the spelling "Spitzbergen" also commonly occurred through the 20th century. [16] [17] [18] The Norwegian administrating authorities named the archipelago Svalbard in 1925, the main island becoming Spitsbergen. By the end of the 20th ...
The location of Svalbard An enlargeable map of Svalbard. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Svalbard: . Svalbard – incorporated territory of the Kingdom of Norway comprising the Svalbard Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. [1]
Both Svalbard and Jan Mayen consist almost entirely of Arctic wilderness, such as at Bellsund in Svalbard. Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude.
It became a territory in 1912 and a state in 1959. In 1893, the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown; a republic was created in 1894. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the U.S., became a territory in ...
Notes: Svalbard, Norway: Although it does not fit the definition of autonomous area (not possessing partial internal sovereignty), Svalbard has the sovereignty of Norway limited by the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 [13] and therefore is considered as having special status (as it is considered fully integrated with Norway, and not a dependency, it is a sui generis case).