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Military coups in Pakistan began in 1958 when military army chief Muhammad Ayub Khan overthrew and exiled president Iskandar Ali Mirza. [1] [2] Since its creation in 1947, Pakistan has spent several decades under military rule (1958–1971, 1977–1988, 1999–2008). After their respective terms in office, each of the past five prime ministers ...
The national cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan has executive power and the president is the head of state elected by the electoral college. [3] Pakistan's political system is based on an elected form of governance. [4] The democratic elections held in 2008 were the first to conclude a 5-year term in the nation's political history.
Corruption in Pakistan is widespread, and involves fraudulent practices carried out by officials and institutions, ranging from petty bribery to high-profile scandals. [1] Corruption distorts economic decision-making, deters investment, undermines competitiveness and, ultimately, hinders economic growth in the country.
A system in which opposition is prohibited, civil rights are extremely suppressed and virtually all aspects of social life, including the economy, morals, public and private lives of citizens, are controlled by a centralized authoritarian state that holds absolute political power, usually under a dictatorship or single political party. [58]
The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Political scientists such as Juan José Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political ...
In the early months of 1968, Ayub Khan celebrated what was called the "Decade of Development", but outraged citizens erupted in protest. In response to the "Decade of Development" in the early weeks of October 1968 the National Students Federation, associated with the Maoist faction of the Communist Party of West Pakistan, started holding "Demands Week" protests and a campaign to expose the so ...
The Establishment (Urdu: اسٹیبلشمنٹ), also referred to as the military establishment, or deep state, is a term commonly used in Pakistan to describe the influence of the Pakistan Armed Forces, intelligence agencies, and associated pro-military entities within the country's governance structure.
The economy of Pakistan is categorized as a developing economy. It ranks as the 24th-largest based on GDP using purchasing power parity (PPP) and the 43rd largest in terms of nominal GDP. With a population of 254.4 million people as of 2024, Pakistan's position at per capita income ranks 161st by GDP (nominal) and 138th by GDP (PPP) according ...