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The frame condition was first described by Richard Duffin and Albert Charles Schaeffer in a 1952 article on nonharmonic Fourier series as a way of computing the coefficients in a linear combination of the vectors of a linearly dependent spanning set (in their terminology, a "Hilbert space frame"). [4]
Sahlqvist's definition characterizes a decidable set of modal formulas with first-order correspondents. Since it is undecidable, by Chagrova's theorem, whether an arbitrary modal formula has a first-order correspondent, there are formulas with first-order frame conditions that are not Sahlqvist [Chagrova 1991] (see the examples below).
a class C of frames or models, if it is valid in every member of C. We define Thm(C) to be the set of all formulas that are valid in C. Conversely, if X is a set of formulas, let Mod(X) be the class of all frames which validate every formula from X. A modal logic (i.e., a set of formulas) L is sound with respect to a class of frames C, if L ⊆ ...
We can prove that these frames produce the same set of valid sentences as do the frames where all worlds can see all other worlds of W (i.e., where R is a "total" relation). This gives the corresponding modal graph which is total complete (i.e., no more edges (relations) can be added). For example, in any modal logic based on frame conditions:
So this Welch bound is met with equality if and only if the set of vectors {} is an equiangular tight frame in . Similarly, the Welch bounds stated in terms of average squared overlap, are saturated for all k ≤ t {\displaystyle k\leq t} if and only if the set of vectors is a t {\displaystyle t} -design in the complex projective space C P n ...
This is a list of formulas encountered in Riemannian geometry. Einstein notation is used throughout this article. This article uses the "analyst's" sign convention for Laplacians, except when noted otherwise.
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One can also view the Maurer–Cartan form as being constructed from a Maurer–Cartan frame. Let E i be a basis of sections of TG consisting of left-invariant vector fields, and θ j be the dual basis of sections of T * G such that θ j (E i) = δ i j, the Kronecker delta. Then E i is a Maurer–Cartan frame, and θ i is a Maurer–Cartan coframe.