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5-HIAA is tested by 24-hour urine samples [1] combined with an acidic additive to maintain pH below 3. Certain foods like pineapple, kiwi, banana, walnuts and drugs such as acetaminophen, nicotine or caffeine are known to interfere with the measurement.
Normetanephrine, also called normetadrenaline, [1] is a metabolite of norepinephrine created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine. It is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues.
VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA), metanephrine, and normetanephrine.In timed urine tests the quantity excreted (usually per 24 hours) is assessed along with creatinine clearance, and the quantity of cortisols, catecholamines, and metanephrines excreted is also measured.
Metanephrine, also known as metadrenaline, is a metabolite of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) created by action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on epinephrine. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, indicated that the measurement of plasma free levels of the metanephrines group of molecules (including metanephrine and normetanephrine) is the best tool in ...
Because the test pad reaction is dependent on pH, false positive results can occur if the urine is highly alkaline. [60] [62] Conventional test strips are not sensitive enough to reliably detect microalbuminuria, a condition in which urine albumin levels are slightly elevated, [64] although dipsticks specialized for this measurement exist. [62]
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... per High Power Field (HPF) RBC casts: n/a 0 / negative [2] White blood ...
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication [10] [11] which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). [ 10 ] [ 12 ] It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. [ 13 ]
Elevated plasma free metanephrines is considered the gold standard diagnosis for pheochromocytoma. [63] Over 10 studies have confirmed that the sensitivity and specificity of this test is 97% and 93% respectively; however, there is still concern for false positive results in the correct clinical scenario. [6]