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Typical industrial fractional distillation columns. Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. [3] [4] In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state. New feed is ...
In a typical fractional distillation, a liquid mixture is heated in the distilling flask, and the resulting vapor rises up the fractionating column (see Figure 1). The vapor condenses on glass spurs (known as theoretical trays or theoretical plates ) inside the column, and returns to the distilling flask, refluxing the rising distillate vapor.
An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases. The most common method for air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and often co-produce argon.
A common fractionating process is fractional distillation, in which separation is achieved by condensing a vapor over a range of temperatures. [1] It is used to produce liquor and various hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel.
Petroleum diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 and 350 °C (392 and 662 °F) at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 9 and 25 carbon atoms per molecule. [23] This fraction is subjected to hydrodesulfurization.
The CDU is often referred to as the atmospheric distillation unit because it operates at slightly above atmospheric pressure. [1] [2] [41] Below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit. The incoming crude oil is preheated by exchanging heat with some of the hot, distilled fractions and other streams.
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The pressure at the top is maintained at 1.2–1.5 atm [2] so that the distillation can be carried out at close to atmospheric pressure, and therefore it is known as the atmospheric distillation column. [3] The vapors from the top of the column are a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and naphtha, at a temperature of 120 °C–130 °C.