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Bergmann's rule - Penguins on the Earth (mass m, height h) [1] Bergmann's rule is an ecogeographical rule that states that, within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions.
Allen's rule - Hare and its ears on the Earth [1]. Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, [2] [3] broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
Bergmann's rule states that body mass increases with colder climate, as here in Swedish moose. [7]Allen's rule states that the body shapes and proportions of endotherms vary by climatic temperature by either minimizing exposed surface area to minimize heat loss in cold climates or maximizing exposed surface area to maximize heat loss in hot climates.
In 1847, Carl Bergmann published his observations that endothermic body size (i.e. mammals) increased with increasing latitude, commonly known as Bergmann's rule. [9] His rule postulated that selection favored within species individuals with larger body sizes in cooler temperatures because the total heat loss would be diminished through lower surface area to volume ratios. [8]
Ecogeographic rules describe similar patterns of variation within and across species and their correlation to biogeography, particularly latitude. While they are described as rules there are often many exceptions to them.
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An Allen charge, also referred to as dynamite or hammer charges, refer to jury instructions given to a hung jury — or a jury that is unable to reach a consensus — urging them to agree upon a ...
Bergmann's rule: within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. Bernoulli's principle, in fluid dynamics, describes the effect that flow has on pressure contributing lift to airfoils.