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Detailed illustration of the different parts constituting a wheat kernel. The germ of a cereal grain is the part that develops into a plant; [1] it is the seed embryo. [2] Along with bran, germ is often a by-product of the milling [3] that produces refined grain products.
If all parts of the kernel are used in the same relative proportions as they exist in the original kernel, then the flour is considered whole grain. [ citation needed ] Under the Food and Drug Regulations , up to 5% of the kernel can be removed to help reduce rancidity and prolong the shelf life of whole-wheat flour.
Whole common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is generally used to make atta; it has a high gluten content, which provides elasticity, so the dough made out of atta flour is strong and can be rolled into thin sheets. [1] [3] [4] The word "whole" is used to describe atta as it includes every component of the grain, meaning the bran, germ and the endosperm.
Amaranth plants are classified as pseudocereals that are grown for their edible starchy seeds, but they are not in the same botanical family as true cereals, such as wheat and rice. [4] Amaranth species that are still used as a grain are Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.
Groats (or in some cases, "berries") are the hulled kernels of various cereal grains, such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley. Groats are whole grains that include the cereal germ and fiber-rich bran portion of the grain, as well as the endosperm (which is the usual product of milling). Groats can also be produced from pseudocereal seeds such as ...
The milling systems with a lower extraction percentage discard most of the rancidity-prone nutritional minerals and oils associated with the bran and germ elements, [2] of the wheat kernel. [3] Baking functionality is the other issue, with increased loaf volume accomplished by simply removing just the larger flour particles.
Wheat germ oil is extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel, which makes up 2-3% by weight of whole grain wheat. [1] Wheat germ may yield 8-14% of oil in its total content. [1] In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), wheat germ oil supplies 884 calories. [2] Wheat germ oil has a high content of vitamin E (149 mg/100g), [2] the content of ...
The bran is separated from the germ and endosperm which is then refined by passing through a sieve of 80 mesh per inch (31 mesh per centimeter). [3] Although naturally yellowish due to pigments present in wheat, maida is typically bleached, either naturally due to atmospheric oxygen, or with any of a number of flour bleaching agents. [4]