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Warfarin should not be given to people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia until platelet count has improved or normalised. [39] Warfarin is usually best avoided in people with protein C or protein S deficiency, as these thrombophilic conditions increase the risk of skin necrosis, which is a rare but serious side effect associated with ...
However, protamine appears only partially to neutralize the anti-factor Xa activity of LMWH. Because the molecular weight of heparin impacts its interaction with protamine, the lack of complete neutralization of anti-factor Xa is likely due to reduced protamine binding to the LMWH moieties in the preparation. Protamine is a medicine that ...
Other uses include a deficiency of one of the included clotting factors, either congenital or due to liver disease, and hemophilia. [18] Several guidelines, including those from the American College of Chest Physicians , recommend prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin reversal in people with serious bleeding.
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death.
In cancer cells, major changes in gene expression increase glucose uptake to support their rapid growth. Unlike normal cells, which produce lactate only when oxygen is low, cancer cells convert much of the glucose to lactate even in the presence of adequate oxygen. This is known as the “Warburg Effect.”
Many drug interactions are due to alterations in drug metabolism. [12] Further, human drug-metabolizing enzymes are typically activated through the engagement of nuclear receptors. [12] One notable system involved in metabolic drug interactions is the enzyme system comprising the cytochrome P450 oxidases.
Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, [5]: 6822 [6] is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme.The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.