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Countries represented only by suborbital space flyers are shaded. Note: citizens from the now-defunct East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Soviet Union have also flown in space. Since the first human spaceflight by the Soviet Union, citizens of 48 countries have flown in space. For each nationality, the launch date of the first mission is listed.
The following is a list of Polish astronauts who have traveled into space, sorted by date of first flight. As of 2024, one Polish national has been in space. The first, and so far only, Polish national in space was Mirosław Hermaszewski on Soyuz 30 in 1978.
One key milestone was the travel of Mirosław Hermaszewski to the Soviet space station Salyut 6 in 1978, being the first and only Polish national to travel to space as of 2024. [6] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Poland took steps torwards developing an independent space sector, signing a co-operation agreement with the ...
Countries (and successor states) whose citizens have flown in space as of January 2024. The criteria for determining who has achieved human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight as any flight over 100 kilometres (62 mi), while in the United States, professional, military and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 ...
In a February 2025 interview, Uznański stated that Hermaszewski was the first person to call him with congratulations in the morning after he was accepted. Uznański would go on to be selected for the European Space Agency's Ignis part of Axiom Mission 4, citing Hermaszewski as a major inspiration. [45]
Vega C returned to space in December after failing on its first commercial launch in December 2022, restoring a second pillar of Europe's access to orbit. It will perform four launches in 2025 ...
Further preliminary development of numerous rocket space launchers and re-usable launch systems (Sänger II, etc.) took place after WWII, although these were never realized as national or European projects. Also, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the private German company OTRAG tried to develop low-cost commercial space launchers. Only the ...
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