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Geometric morphometrics can also be used to capture the slight shape variations found in postcranial bones of the human body such as os coxae. Bierry and colleagues used 3D CT reconstructions of modern adult pelvic bones for 104 individuals to look at the shape of the obturator foramen. After a normalization technique to take out the factor of ...
In 1961, Danish Egyptologist Erik Iverson described a canon of proportions in classical Egyptian painting. [2] This work was based on still-detectable grid lines on tomb paintings: he determined that the grid was 18 cells high, with the base-line at the soles of the feet and the top of the grid aligned with hair line, [3] and the navel at the eleventh line. [4]
Using the distance function is very attractive because its computation is relatively fast. One of the definitions of skeleton using the distance function is as the ridges of the distance function. [3] There is a common mis-statement in the literature that the skeleton consists of points which are "locally maximum" in the distance transform.
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically . Natural patterns include symmetries , trees , spirals , meanders , waves , foams , tessellations , cracks and stripes. [ 1 ]
The composition of functions creates the algebraic structure of a monoid. When the set S has only two elements, the monoid is known as the dyadic monoid . The dyadic monoid can be visualized as an infinite binary tree ; more generally, if the set S has p elements, then the monoid may be represented as a p-adic tree.
Thinning is the transformation of a digital image into a simplified, but topologically equivalent image. It is a type of topological skeleton , but computed using mathematical morphology operators. Example
The superformula is a generalization of the superellipse and was proposed by Johan Gielis in 2003. [1] Gielis suggested that the formula can be used to describe many complex shapes and curves that are found in nature.
When crumpling sheets of different sizes but made of the same type of paper and with the same aspect ratio (for example, different sizes in the ISO 216 A series), then the diameter of the balls so obtained elevated to a non-integer exponent between 2 and 3 will be approximately proportional to the area of the sheets from which the balls have ...