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  2. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    The first excited state has both HOMO electrons paired in one orbital with opposite spins, and is known as singlet oxygen. MO diagram of dioxygen triplet ground state. The bond order decreases and the bond length increases in the order O + 2 (112.2 pm), O 2 (121 pm), O − 2 (128 pm) and O 2− 2 (149 pm). [20]

  3. Excited state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_state

    Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.. The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers).

  4. Multiplicity (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(chemistry)

    The multiplicity of the second excited state is therefore not equal to the number of its unpaired electrons plus one, and the rule which is usually true for ground states is invalid for this excited state. Molecular orbital diagram of two singlet excited states and triplet ground state of O 2.

  5. Molecular orbital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital

    The orbital wave functions are positive in the red regions and negative in the blue. The right column shows virtual MO's which are empty in the ground state, but may be occupied in excited states. In chemistry, a molecular orbital (/ ɒr b ə d l /) is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a ...

  6. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    Any other configuration is an excited state. As an example, the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1, as deduced from the Aufbau principle (see below). The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p subshell, to obtain the 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3p 1 configuration, abbreviated as the 3p level ...

  7. Energy level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level

    An asterisk is commonly used to designate an excited state. An electron transition in a molecule's bond from a ground state to an excited state may have a designation such as σ → σ*, π → π*, or n → π* meaning excitation of an electron from a σ bonding to a σ antibonding orbital, from a π bonding to a π antibonding orbital, or ...

  8. Franck–Condon principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck–Condon_principle

    In examining how much vibrational energy a molecule could acquire when it is excited to a higher electronic level, and whether this vibrational energy could be enough to immediately break apart the molecule, he drew three diagrams representing the possible changes in binding energy between the lowest electronic state and higher electronic ...

  9. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund's_Rule_of_Maximum...

    As a result, when filling up atomic orbitals, the maximum number of unpaired electrons (and hence maximum total spin state) is assured. The valence orbitals of the oxygen atom (sides of diagram) and the dioxygen molecule (middle) in the ground state. In both atom and molecule, the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have their spins parallel.