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  2. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the ...

  3. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

    In probability theory, the law (or formula) of total probability is a fundamental rule relating marginal probabilities to conditional probabilities. It expresses the total probability of an outcome which can be realized via several distinct events , hence the name.

  4. Expected value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

    In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

  5. Odds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds

    A study on soccer betting found that the probability for the home team to win was generally about 3.4% less than the value calculated from the odds (for example, 46.6% for even odds). It was about 3.7% less for wins by the visitors, and 5.7% less for draws. [14] To understand roulette probabilities and calculate them, you need to know the formula.

  6. Q-function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-function

    [1] [2] In other words, () is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than standard deviations. Equivalently, Q ( x ) {\displaystyle Q(x)} is the probability that a standard normal random variable takes a value larger than x {\displaystyle x} .

  7. Rule of succession - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_succession

    In probability theory, the rule of succession is a formula introduced in the 18th century by Pierre-Simon Laplace in the course of treating the sunrise problem. [1] The formula is still used, particularly to estimate underlying probabilities when there are few observations or events that have not been observed to occur at all in (finite) sample data.

  8. Binomial distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution

    In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: success (with probability p) or failure (with probability q = 1 − p).

  9. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    [I]n 1922, I proposed the term 'likelihood,' in view of the fact that, with respect to [the parameter], it is not a probability, and does not obey the laws of probability, while at the same time it bears to the problem of rational choice among the possible values of [the parameter] a relation similar to that which probability bears to the ...