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For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs.Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC, [1] and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, Chinese historiography came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties.
[a] The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang 王, meaning king. [4]
Timeline of Chinese history. This is a timeline of Chinese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in China and its dynasties. To read about the background to these events, see History of China. See also the list of Chinese monarchs, Chinese emperors family tree, dynasties of China and years in China.
This is a list of the Chinese era names used by the various dynasties and regimes in the history of China, sorted by monarch. The English renditions of the era names in this list are based on the Hanyu Pinyin system. However, some academic works utilize the Wade–Giles romanization.
It was also the capital city of two major dynasties in Southern and Northern dynasties period: Eastern Wei dynasty (534–550), and the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577). Yinchuan was the capital of the Western Xia from 1038 to 1227, when it was called Xingqing ( simplified Chinese : 兴庆 ; traditional Chinese : 興慶 ; pinyin : Xīngqìng ).
The following is a list of empresses and queens consort of China. China has periodically been divided into kingdoms as well as united under empires, resulting in consorts titled both queen and empress.
The rulers of the previous Shang (c. 1600 – c. 1050 BC) and Zhou (c. 1056 – 256 BC) dynasties were referred to as 'king' (王 wáng). [11] By the time of the Zhou dynasty, they were also referred to as the Son of Heaven. [11] In 221 BC, King Ying Zheng of Qin completed the conquest of all the Warring States of ancient China.
Traditional Chinese political thought is concerned with the concept of the "Mandate of Heaven", from which a ruler derives legitimacy to rule all under heaven. In the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu all laid claim to the Mandate by virtue of their founders declaring themselves as emperors.