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More functional frameworks also come with more features and additional JavaScript based functions, but are mostly design oriented and focused around interactive UI patterns. This detail differentiates CSS frameworks from other JavaScript frameworks. Two notable and widely used examples are Bootstrap and Foundation.
The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
Bootstrap 3 features new plugin system with namespaced events. Bootstrap 3 dropped Internet Explorer 7 and Firefox 3.6 support, but there is an optional polyfill for these browsers. [13] Bootstrap 3 was also the first version released under the twbs organization on GitHub instead of the Twitter one. [14]
From the late 2000s onward, the intensive use of the Web by mobile agents motivated "liquid layouts" and responsive elements for the growing variety of screen sizes. [5] In the 2010s, the intensive use of popular JavaScript layout frameworks , such as Bootstrap , inspired CSS flex-box and grid layout specifications.
However, it varied depending on the element. The HTML width attribute of a table defined the width of the table including its border. [7] On the other hand, the HTML width attribute of an image defined the width of the image itself (inside any border). [8] The only element to support padding in those early days was the table cell.
Also, if the table has cell spacing (and thus border-collapse=separate), meaning that cells have separate borders with a gap in between, that gap will still be visible. A cruder way to align columns of numbers is to use a figure space   or   , which is intended to be the width of a numeral, though is font-dependent in practice:
President-elect Donald Trump on Wednesday shone a spotlight on the debt ceiling, rejecting a bipartisan government funding deal negotiated by House Speaker Mike Johnson and demanding lawmakers ...
Both Sass and Less are CSS preprocessors, which allow writing clean CSS in a programming construct instead of static rules. [5]Less is inspired by Sass. [6] [3] Sass was designed to both simplify and extend CSS, so things like curly braces were removed from the syntax.