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Ulmus × hollandica Mill., often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych elm (U. glabra) and field elm Ulmus minor which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap.
The ‘Dutch’ elm quickly became popular in eighteenth-century estate plantations in England, survivors today being naturalised relics of this planting fashion; but the tree was always rare in the Netherlands, where from the eighteenth century hollandse iep (Holland elm) meant the widely planted hybrid Ulmus × hollandica Belgica (Belgian Elm). [2]
Golden elm tree with Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name "Dutch" from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman.
Dutch elm may refer to: Ulmus × hollandica, natural hybrid between Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) and Field Elm (Ulmus minor) Ulmus × hollandica 'Major', cultivar of Ulmus × hollandica, introduced to England from the Netherlands; Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica', cultivar of Ulmus × hollandica, most common cultivar in the Netherlands
Dutch elm disease (DED) is a fungal disease that has ravaged the American elm, causing catastrophic die-offs in cities across the range. It has been estimated that only approximately 1 in 100,000 American elm trees is DED-tolerant, most known survivors simply having escaped exposure to the disease. [19]
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Believed to be originally native to Asia , the disease was accidentally introduced into America , Europe , and New Zealand .
The tree succumbed to Dutch elm disease and was felled in 1968. A ring count established that it had begun life in the year 1701. [61] The "Great Elm Tree" at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts is believed to have been standing for at least 200 years. It is being well cared for and receives regular treatments for Dutch elm disease. [62]
[1] [2] The cultivar was derived from a crossing of Dutch clones '49', [3] (originally believed to be an English Wych Elm Ulmus glabra but later identified as another example of Ulmus × hollandica) and '1', a Field Elm Ulmus minor found in central France and marketed by the Barbier nursery in Orléans. [4]
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