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Neurogenesis occurs very little in adults; it only occurs in the hypothalamus and striatum to a small extent in a process called adult neurogenesis. Environmental enrichment, physical activity and stress (which can stimulate or hinder this process) are key environmental and physiological factors affecting adult neurogenesis. [2]
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The hallmarks of aging are the types of biochemical changes that occur in all organisms that experience biological aging and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, death.
Age dynamics of the body mass (1, 2) and mass normalized to height (3, 4) of men (1, 3) and women (2, 4) [24] Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and a brain affected by Alzheimer's disease. A number of characteristic ageing symptoms are experienced by a majority, or by a significant proportion of humans during their lifetimes.
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Age-related neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles.
Studies comparing the effects of aging on episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory is especially impaired in normal aging; some types of short-term memory are also impaired. [9] The deficits may be related to impairments seen in the ability to refresh recently processed information. [10]
Stage theories typically focus on "age-appropriate" developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories [2] [3] of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life. The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural ...
Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.