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Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The hallmarks of aging are the types of biochemical changes that occur in all organisms that experience biological aging and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, death.
Decreased processing of negative stimuli, as opposed to positive stimuli, appears in aging and becomes significant enough to detect even with autonomic nervous responses to emotionally charged stimuli. [11] Aging is also associated with decreased plantar reflex and Achilles reflex response. Nerve conductance also decreases during normal aging. [12]
Age dynamics of the body mass (1, 2) and mass normalized to height (3, 4) of men (1, 3) and women (2, 4) [24] Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and a brain affected by Alzheimer's disease A number of characteristic ageing symptoms are experienced by a majority, or by a significant proportion of humans during their lifetimes.
Age-related neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles.
Ideally, biomarkers of aging should assay the biological process of aging and not a predisposition to disease, should cause a minimal amount of trauma to assay in the organism, and should be reproducibly measurable during a short interval compared to the lifespan of the organism. [1]
Studies comparing the effects of aging on episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory is especially impaired in normal aging; some types of short-term memory are also impaired. [9] The deficits may be related to impairments seen in the ability to refresh recently processed information. [10]
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Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.