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In this situation, the sound was heard at the synthesized elevation. The fact that the sound sources objectively remained at eye level prevented monaural cues from specifying the elevation, showing that it was the dynamic change in the binaural cues during head movement that allowed the sound to be correctly localized in the vertical dimension.
Localization cues [3] are features that help localize sound. Cues for sound localization include binaural and monoaural cues. Monoaural cues can be obtained via spectral analysis and are generally used in vertical localization. Binaural cues are generated by the difference in hearing between the left and right ears.
HRTF filtering effect. A head-related transfer function (HRTF) is a response that characterizes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space. As sound strikes the listener, the size and shape of the head, ears, ear canal, density of the head, size and shape of nasal and oral cavities, all transform the sound and affect how it is perceived, boosting some frequencies and attenuating others.
However, if the sound scene is presented through headphones without compensation for head motion, the scene does not change with the user's motion, and dynamic cues are absent. [9] Head-related transfer functions contain all the descriptors of localization cues such as ITD and IID as well as monaural cues. Every HRTF uniquely represents the ...
The binaural auditory system is highly dynamic and capable of rapidly adjusting tuning properties depending on the context in which sounds are heard. Each eardrum moves one-dimensionally; the auditory brain analyzes and compares movements of the two eardrums to extract physical cues and perceive auditory objects. [3]
A diagram of monaural sound. Monaural sound or monophonic sound (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position. [1] This contrasts with stereophonic sound or stereo, which uses two separate audio channels to reproduce sound from two microphones on the right and left side, which is reproduced with two separate loudspeakers to give a sense of ...
Interaural time difference (ITD) between left (top) and right (bottom) ears. (sound source: 100 ms white noise from 90° azimuth, 0° elevation). The interaural time difference (or ITD) when concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears.
The same sound presented from different directions will produce at the eardrum a different pattern of peaks and notches across frequency. The pattern of these monaural spectral cues is different for different listeners. Spectral cues are vital for making elevation judgments and distinguishing if a sound arose from in front or behind the listener.
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