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When decoding Base64 text, four characters are typically converted back to three bytes. The only exceptions are when padding characters exist. A single = indicates that the four characters will decode to only two bytes, while == indicates that the four characters will decode to only a single byte. For example:
Rust, Python: Similar to Base64, but contains only alphanumeric characters. Base64: Arbitrary: 75%: awk Archived 2014-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, C, C (2), Delphi, Go, Python, many others: An early and still-popular encoding, first specified as part of RFC 989 in 1987 Base85: Arbitrary: 80%: C, Python, Python (2) Revised version of Ascii85 ...
These bytes are subtracted from the line's <length character> so that the decoder does not append unwanted characters to the file. uudecoding is reverse of the above, subtract 32 from each character's ASCII code ( modulo 64 to account for the grave accent usage) to get a 6-bit value, concatenate 4 6-bit groups to get 24 bits, then output 3 bytes.
^ The netstrings specification only deals with nested byte strings; anything else is outside the scope of the specification. ^ PHP will unserialize any floating-point number correctly, but will serialize them to their full decimal expansion. For example, 3.14 will be serialized to 3.140 000 000 000 000 124 344 978 758 017 532 527 446 746 826 ...
Also, because it encodes five 8-bit bytes (40 bits) to eight 5-bit base32 characters rather than three 8-bit bytes (24 bits) to four 6-bit base64 characters, padding to an 8-character boundary is a greater burden on short messages (which may be a reason to elide padding, which is an option in RFC 4648).
To send binary files through certain systems (such as email) that do not allow all data values, they are often translated into a plain text representation (using, for example, Base64). Encoding the data has the disadvantage of increasing the file size during the transfer (for example, using Base64 will increase the file's size by approximately ...
The Basic Encoding Rules (BER) were the original rules laid out by the ASN.1 standard for encoding data into a binary format. The rules, collectively referred to as a transfer syntax in ASN.1 parlance, specify the exact octets (8-bit bytes) used to encode data.
The tag number provides additional type information for the following item, beyond what the 3-bit major type can provide. For example, a tag of 1 indicates that the following number is a Unix time value. A tag of 2 indicates that the following byte string encodes an unsigned bignum.