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The electric field due to a point dipole (upper left), a physical dipole of electric charges (upper right), a thin polarized sheet (lower left) or a plate capacitor (lower right). All generate the same field profile when the arrangement is infinitesimally small.
Field lines of a point dipole of any type, electric, magnetic, acoustic, etc. A physical dipole consists of two equal and opposite point charges: in the literal sense, two poles. Its field at large distances (i.e., distances large in comparison to the separation of the poles) depends almost entirely on the dipole moment as defined above.
An electric dipole transition is the dominant effect of an interaction of an electron in an atom with the electromagnetic field. Following reference, [ 1 ] consider an electron in an atom with quantum Hamiltonian H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} , interacting with a plane electromagnetic wave
The electric displacement field "D" is defined as +, where is the vacuum permittivity (also called permittivity of free space), and P is the (macroscopic) density of the permanent and induced electric dipole moments in the material, called the polarization density.
Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge. The discovery of a substantially larger electron electric dipole moment would imply a violation of both parity invariance and time reversal invariance. [3] [4]
Typical dipole moments for simple diatomic molecules are in the range of 0 to 11 D. Molecules with symmetry point groups or containing inversion symmetry will not have a permanent dipole moment, while highly ionic molecular species have a very large dipole moment, e.g. gas-phase potassium bromide, KBr, with a dipole moment of 10.41 D. [3] A proton and an electron 1 Å apart have a dipole ...
A dipole is characterised by its dipole moment, a vector quantity shown in the figure as the blue arrow labeled M. It is the relationship between the electric field and the dipole moment that gives rise to the behaviour of the dielectric. (Note that the dipole moment points in the same direction as the electric field in the figure.
The Lennard-Jones potential is a simple model that still manages to describe the essential features of interactions between simple atoms and molecules: Two interacting particles repel each other at very close distance, attract each other at moderate distance, and eventually stop interacting at infinite distance, as shown in the Figure.