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Beta blockers are known primarily for their reductive effect on heart rate, although this is not the only mechanism of action of importance in congestive heart failure. [17] Beta blockers, in addition to their sympatholytic β 1 activity in the heart, influence the renin–angiotensin system at the kidneys.
More severe hyponatremia (levels less than 120 mEq/L), particularly if it develops rapidly (defined as occurring over less than 48 hours), can cause confusion, seizures and even lead to death ...
Antipsychotics have been reported to cause hyponatremia in a review of medical articles from 1946 to 2016. [25] Available evidence suggests that all classes of psychotropics, i.e., antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and sedative/hypnotics can lead to hyponatremia. Age is a significant factor for drug induced hyponatremia. [26]
Cardiovascular agents are drugs that affect the rate and intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameters, blood volume, blood clotting and blood cholesterol levels. [1] They are indicated to treat diseases related to the heart or the vascular system (blood vessels), such as hypertension , hyperlipidemia , coagulation disorders , heart ...
The "vaptan" drugs act by directly blocking the action of vasopressin at its receptors (V 1A, V 1B and V 2).These receptors have a variety of functions, with the V 1A and V 2 receptors are expressed peripherally and involved in the modulation of blood pressure and kidney function respectively, while the V 1A and V 1B receptors are expressed in the central nervous system.
[14] [3] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower. [14] [3] Diagnosis of the cause of hyponatremia relies on three factors: volume status, plasma osmolality, urine sodium levels and urine osmolality. [14] [3]
Class Ib drugs tend to be more specific for voltage gated Na channels than Ia. Lidocaine in particular is highly frequency dependent, in that it has more activity with increasing heart rates. This is because lidocaine selectively blocks Na channels in their open and inactive states and has little binding capability in the resting state.
Hydralazine is not used as a primary drug for treating hypertension because it elicits a reflex sympathetic stimulation of the heart (the baroreceptor reflex). [9] The sympathetic stimulation may increase heart rate and cardiac output, and in people with coronary artery disease may cause angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. [10]