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  2. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...

  3. Negative probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_probability

    The idea of negative probabilities later received increased attention in physics and particularly in quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman argued [ 2 ] that no one objects to using negative numbers in calculations: although "minus three apples" is not a valid concept in real life, negative money is valid.

  4. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    As a consequence, log b (x) diverges to infinity (gets bigger than any given number) if x grows to infinity, provided that b is greater than one. In that case, log b (x) is an increasing function. For b < 1, log b (x) tends to minus infinity instead. When x approaches zero, log b x goes to minus infinity for b > 1 (plus infinity for b < 1 ...

  5. Signed zero - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_zero

    Signed zero is zero with an associated sign.In ordinary arithmetic, the number 0 does not have a sign, so that −0, +0 and 0 are equivalent. However, in computing, some number representations allow for the existence of two zeros, often denoted by −0 (negative zero) and +0 (positive zero), regarded as equal by the numerical comparison operations but with possible different behaviors in ...

  6. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d. Derivations also use the log definitions x = b log b (x ...

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  8. Complex logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm

    On the region consisting of complex numbers that are not negative real numbers or 0, the function ⁡ is the analytic continuation of the natural logarithm. The values on the negative real line can be obtained as limits of values at nearby complex numbers with positive imaginary parts.

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