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Horizontal symbiont transfer (horizontal transmission) is a process where a host acquires a facultative symbiont from the environment or another host. [9] The Rhizobia-Legume symbiosis (bacteria-plant endosymbiosis) is a prime example of this modality. [ 21 ]
For example, in lichens, which consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, the fungal partners cannot live on their own. [ 11 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as Trentepohlia , can generally live independently, and their part of the relationship is therefore described as facultative (optional ...
In Star Trek, the Trill were a race of humanoids who incorporated a long-living symbiont. One of them was a main character on the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine . In the series Stargate SG-1 , both the principal villains, the Goa'uld and their benevolent versions, the Tok'ra were symbionts who grafted themselves into the human nervous system.
Cyanobionts play a variety of roles in their symbiotic relationships with the host organism. [2] [4] [5] They function primarily as nitrogen- and carbon-fixers.However, they can also be involved in metabolite exchange, as well as in provision of UV protection to their symbiotic partners, since some can produce nitrogen-containing compounds with sunscreen-like properties, such as scytonemin and ...
Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. Many examples of endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants, algae and insects exist and have been well characterized, however fungal-bacteria endosymbiosis has been less well described.
A symbiosome is formed as a result of a complex and coordinated interaction between the symbiont host and the endosymbiont. [5] At the point of entry into a symbiont host cell, part of the cell's membrane envelops the endosymbiont and breaks off into the cytoplasm as a discrete unit, an organelle-like vacuole called the symbiosome.
In some cases, a free-living symbiont may be engulfed by a host organism and subsequently passed down through vertical transmission, resulting in an obligate dependency. [2] However, it is more common for facultative mutualisms, where the mutualist can exist independently or in association with a host, to act as an intermediary step toward the ...
Poetic contractions are contractions of words found in poetry but not commonly used in everyday modern English. Also known as elision or syncope, these contractions are usually used to lower the number of syllables in a particular word in order to adhere to the meter of a composition. [1]