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Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease sensation in a specific small area. [5] In nerve blocks , it is injected around a nerve that supplies the area, or into the spinal canal's epidural space . [ 5 ]
Cardiotoxicity is the occurrence of heart dysfunction as electric or muscle damage, resulting in heart toxicity. [1] This can cause heart failure, arrhythmia, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy in patients. [2] Some effects are reversible, while in others, permanent damage requiring further treatment may arise.
Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG [a]), a recording of the heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles. [4] It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart [ 5 ] using electrodes placed on the skin.
Levobupivacaine, the S(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine has been developed as an alternative to the racemic mixture, as it has been shown to have a lower cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine. Under European Union advice, it can be applied for minor and major surgical anaesthesia , as well as (post-operative) pain management . [ 7 ]
Several other studies have evaluated the usefulness of different ECG findings in diagnosing MI when LBBB is present. Smith et al. modified Sgarbossa's original criteria. [6] Smith modified Sgarbossa rule: at least one lead with concordant STE (Sgarbossa criterion 1) or; at least one lead of V1-V3 with concordant ST depression (Sgarbossa ...
Benzodiazepine overdose (BZD OD) describes the ingestion of one of the drugs in the benzodiazepine class in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. . The most common symptoms of overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, impaired balance, ataxia, and slurred spee
The threshold dose is only a measure of acute toxicity since the drug or toxic substance investigated is administered at once. The consequence of long-term administration remains unknown. [ 27 ] As the threshold dose is the measured minimal response, its accuracy heavily depends on the machinery used.
In the European Union, the combination bupivacaine/meloxicam is indicated for treatment of somatic postoperative pain from small- to medium-sized surgical wounds in adults. [ 2 ] In the United States it is indicated for soft tissue or periarticular instillation to produce postsurgical analgesia for up to 72 hours after bunionectomy, open ...