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In the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire faced threats on numerous frontiers from multiple industrialised European powers. [1] In response, the Empire initiated a period of internal reform to centralize and standardise governance across its interconnected provinces, attempting to bring itself into competition with the expanding West.
The Ottoman Empire [l] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [24] [25] was an imperial realm [m] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
The Ottoman government began to open embassies and send officials to study in Europe. This created conditions for the "gradual formation of a group of reformers with a certain knowledge of the modern world and a conviction that the empire must belong to it or perish". [ 6 ]
The Tanzimat [a] (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimat, lit.'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
[5] [6] The nationality legislation was a 19th-century concept, and the Ottoman Empire adopted it early. The Ottoman Nationality Law appeared before any commonly-adopted international concept of the basic elements of this legislation. Many in the non-Muslim millets and many Muslims rejected Ottomanism. Non-Muslims perceived it as a step towards ...
Due to their distinctly modern nature, the army was named Nizam-ı Cedid, which has the meaning of 'New Order' in Ottoman Turkish. [ 3 ] [ need quotation to verify ] English-speakers borrowed the Ottoman Turkish word niẓām as "nizam" and applied it generically in the 19th century to the Ottoman army or to any Ottoman soldier.
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The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922. During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier .