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where r is the risk-free rate, (μ, σ) are the expected return and volatility of the stock market and dB t is the increment of the Wiener process, i.e. the stochastic term of the SDE. The utility function is of the constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) form: =.
An example of how indifference curves are obtained as the level curves of a utility function. A graph of indifference curves for several utility levels of an individual consumer is called an indifference map. Points yielding different utility levels are each associated with distinct indifference curves and these indifference curves on the ...
The Dow Jones Utility Average (DJUA, also known as the "Dow Jones Utilities") is a stock index from S&P Dow Jones Indices that tracks the performance of 15 prominent utility companies traded in the United States.
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σ M = standard deviation of the market portfolio σ P = standard deviation of portfolio (R M – I RF)/σ M is the slope of CML. (R M – I RF) is a measure of the risk premium, or the reward for holding risky portfolio instead of risk-free portfolio. σ M is the risk of the market portfolio. Therefore, the slope measures the reward per unit ...
The classic counter example to the expected value theory (where everyone makes the same "correct" choice) is the St. Petersburg Paradox. [3] In empirical applications, several violations of expected utility theory are systematic, and these falsifications have deepened our understanding of how people decide.
An example of the former would be choosing the proportions placed in equities versus bonds, while an example of the latter would be choosing the proportions of the stock sub-portfolio placed in stocks X, Y, and Z. Equities and bonds have fundamentally different financial characteristics and have different systematic risk and hence can be viewed ...