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  2. Rate (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a rate is the quotient of two quantities, often represented as a fraction. [1] If the divisor (or fraction denominator) in the rate is equal to one expressed as a single unit, and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically (i.e., is an independent variable), then the dividend (the fraction numerator) of the rate expresses the corresponding rate of change ...

  3. Newton's laws of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

    The speed attained during free fall is proportional to the elapsed time, and the distance traveled is proportional to the square of the elapsed time. [43] Importantly, the acceleration is the same for all bodies, independently of their mass. This follows from combining Newton's second law of motion with his law of universal gravitation.

  4. Distance from a point to a line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a...

    The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.

  5. Distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance

    A metric or distance function is a function d which takes pairs of points or objects to real numbers and satisfies the following rules: The distance between an object and itself is always zero. The distance between distinct objects is always positive. Distance is symmetric: the distance from x to y is always the same as the distance from y to x.

  6. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    And these systems of the mathematics convention may measure the azimuthal angle counterclockwise (i.e., from the south direction x-axis, or 180°, towards the east direction y-axis, or +90°)—rather than measure clockwise (i.e., from the north direction x-axis, or 0°, towards the east direction y-axis, or +90°), as done in the horizontal ...

  7. Euclidean distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance

    The distance between any two points on the real line is the absolute value of the numerical difference of their coordinates, their absolute difference.Thus if and are two points on the real line, then the distance between them is given by: [1]

  8. Vincenty's formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenty's_formulae

    Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such ...

  9. Distance from a point to a plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a...

    The formula for the closest point to the origin may be expressed more succinctly using notation from linear algebra. The expression a x + b y + c z {\displaystyle ax+by+cz} in the definition of a plane is a dot product ( a , b , c ) ⋅ ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle (a,b,c)\cdot (x,y,z)} , and the expression a 2 + b 2 + c 2 {\displaystyle a^{2 ...

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