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In social science, racial inequality is typically defined as "imbalances in the distribution of power, economic resources, and opportunities." [ 2 ] Racial inequalities have manifested in American society in ways ranging from racial disparities in wealth, poverty rates, bankruptcy, housing patterns, educational opportunities, unemployment rates ...
As a result, the social environment and historical racial events linking European Americans to racism is proposed to color how they perceive certain acts of racism. A lack of exposure to environments outside an individual from the privileged group, especially regarding personal, micro-level interactions with the minority group, can strengthen a ...
Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin.
Patricia Bidol-Padva first proposed this definition in a 1970 book, where she defined racism as "prejudice plus institutional power." [2] According to this definition, two elements are required in order for racism to exist: racial prejudice, and social power to codify and enforce this prejudice into an entire society.
During the mid-2010s, American society has seen a resurgence of high levels of racism and discrimination. One new phenomenon has been the rise of the "alt-right" movement : a white nationalist coalition which seeks the expulsion of sexual and racial minorities from the United States. [ 179 ]
Effective standards designed to eliminate discrimination, often described as race-conscious remedies, have been intensely debated. Supporters argue that institutional racism is so deeply and subtly embedded in the fabric of American society that little would change if more proactive methods of eliminating discrimination had been used. [7]
A protester holds up a large black power raised fist in the middle of the crowd that gathered at Columbus Circle in New York City for a Black Lives Matter Protest spurred by the death of George Floyd.
The final branch formulates intersectionality as a critical praxis to determine how social justice initiatives can use intersectionality to bring about social change. [29] [59] Audre Lorde's work was also an important influence on the development of intersectionality. Lorde suggests that ignoring the multiple dimensions of identity perpetuates ...