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The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, rather than on the previous goals ...
Research institutions are a subset of doctoral degree-granting institutions and conduct research. These institutions "conferred at least 20 research/scholarship doctorates in 2019-20 and reported at least $5 million in total research expenditures in FY20 were assigned to one of two categories based on a measure of research activity." [1]
Research-intensive clusters (RICs) are regions with a high density of research-oriented organizations. These regions may be informally designated, or may be represented by a formal association. Member organizations are often universities, businesses, and non-profit research institutes. [1]
Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned. [1] Research and development intensity (R&D intensity) is generally defined as expenditures by a firm on its research and development divided by the firm's sales. [2]
The framework further classifies these universities by their level of research activity as measured by research expenditures, number of research doctorates awarded, number of research-focused faculty, and other factors. [7] A detailed list of schools can be found in the list of research universities in the United States.
The League of European Research Universities (LERU) is an association of research-intensive universities. Founded in 2002, as a partnership among twelve multi-faculty research universities, in 2024 it expanded its membership to twenty-four. As the latest addition, ETH Zurich joined the alliance on 1 January 2024.
Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.
Finally, there are industries that are not research intensive, but serve as infrastructure for information production and sophisticated decision-making. Manufacturing of office furniture would be a good example, although it sometimes involves research in ergonomics and development of new materials.